2. CONDITION OF MATTER, SOLID, SOLID MAGNETIC, SOLID RADIOACTIVE, LIQUID, GAS, PLASMA, SUPERPLASMA

Matter is home use by mechanical, thermal, electrical, radioactive, etc..
Material can be presented in various states of aggregation.
They are: – solid
– Strong magnetic
– Solid radioactive
– Liquid
– Gaseous
– Plasma
– Superplasma
Solids are composed of two (or more) substances that are able to be completely miscible in the solid state.
These are metals and chemicals.
Solids are characterized by:
– Its shape and volume, as the value remains unchanged as long as no external forces exceeds a certain limit
– Very strong interactions between molecules (atoms or ions), in which chemical bonds are established stable
– Different structure in crystalline or amorphous state depending on where they are.

With increasing temperature, solids melt and become liquid.
Magnetic sound. According to the data transmitted from ancient times, shepherds from the nearby town of Magnesia in Asia Minor, they noticed that some pieces of iron found are attracted to one another.
The pieces of magnetic iron ore, Fe3O4 have a remanent magnetization of permanent magnets are very strong and natural.
Magnetic iron ore property to attract metal objects to the magnet was called, named after the ancient city of Magnesia, where he was found for the first time.
Permanent Magnets are objects that create a magnetic field in the surrounding space in them there without any power from an external power source.
Permanent magnetization of ferromagnetic bodies is determined by the orientation of the spontaneous magnetization regions remains undetermined time.
The permanent magnets has been a constant movement and orientation of electrons with negative electric charge and the positive ions which have positive electric charge and as such, we have electric charges moving in magnetic fields that produce solid structure of the ore.
In this case, there is an internal power I turned the magnetic polarity and positive polarity to negative and positive ions N consists of an external electric current is composed of electrons that move on the outside surface of the magnet of negative magnetic polarity N magnetic polarity to positive S.
Due to the moving electric charges, appears inside the magnet two magnetic polarities, negative magnetic pole N in which there is an excess of negative charge, negative ions and positive magnetic pole S in which there is an excess of positive charges, positive ions.
Thus, the magnet inside the positive ions are attracted to the negative magnetic pole N in which there are excess electrons, where electrons take turns and lack of neutral atoms leaving N and negative magnetic polarity is established in the neutral zone between the two magnetic polarities.
Negative ions from the negative magnetic pole N is drawn and go on to form the outer surface of the magnet magnetic field lines towards the magnetic pole depleted of electrons and positive.

This magnetic pole position and negative ions which have an excess of electrons, gives additional electrons and becomes neutral atoms.
Leaving neutral atoms and positive magnetic polarity and are established in the neutral zone between the two magnetic polarities, S and N.
Lines of magnetic force field created by a permanent magnet are similar to lines of a solenoid field.
The only difference between a permanent magnet and a solenoid is that, if the permanent magnet, we can not directly set the course of field lines within the body of the magnet field lines appear at their output end of negative magnetic north and enter the positive S and if you can follow the progress of the solenoid magnetic field lines inside it.
Magnetic field action is exercised in any medium, wood, paper, metal, space vacuum, etc..
The space in which a magnet exerts its action, saying that there is a magnetic field. Cat walk action can not be hindered by magnetic substance, the magnetic field extends to infinity.
It is known that the Earth is a huge spherical magnet whose magnetic field lines are identical to those of a permanent magnet. Subsequent surveys show that the Earth has two magnetic poles N and S do not coincide with its geographic poles.
In this case we say that an electric charge Q located in an environment with permittivity e time, that there is a region in space where the electric charge q is any other action subject to a force F = qQ/4per2 Colombia, in that region came a form of existence of matter called the electric field of electric charge and electric charge in motion produces a magnetic field.

Of those submitted, the magnetic properties of certain substances that are produced ore is in continuous motion of electric charges inside and outside them, and as a result of these trips are created outside the magnets or other bodies consisting of an electric field electrical charges, electrons and negative ions, which are another manifestation of matter, known as ìcoronaî effect, a body that is surrounded on the outside or from the magnetic polarity N for negative and positive polarity of a magnetic field particles (tasks ) negative and infinite power.
The electric field, magnetic and gravitational represents the same structural form of existence of matter.
Solid radioactive minerals and radioactive substances that emit radioactive radiation continuously and steadily a, b and g.
In natural conditions, radioactive minerals are found in solid state form of metal, radium (Ra), uranium (U), etc.. And later it was discovered radon (Rn) or emanation of radium is a radioactive rare gas obtained in the processing radioactive radium.
Minerals and radioactive substances emit continuously and steadily, some particles inside the nucleus and their radiation in the form of radioactive radiation, b and g.
This process of emission of particles and radiation, spontaneous and independent of man by radioactive ores and substances called nuclear radioactive decay.
During the process of disintegration of the elements b and suffer deep changes, moving other elements smaller or larger number of orders.
From radioactive decay inside the atomic nucleus are different particles expelled such as positrons, which consists of radiation, electron radiation is b, g neutrinos forming soft photon radiation nuclear radiation that comprises g hard.
Minerals and radioactive substances are characterized by:
– Very strong interactions between particles emitted and substance, molecules, atoms and particles found in their way, ionizing or altering their inner structure.
– Atomic structure alternated according to the decay processes that occur inside the atomic nucleus.
Liquids are bodies that are in a state of aggregation intermediate between solid and gaseous state.
Liquids are characterized by:
– Have their own volume, take the shape of the vessel in which there is separation between the surface and form them and of their steam or other liquids
– Inetractii strong enough to form the molecules of molecular mass complex variable.
Any liquid at a certain temperature, and fixed for any specific liquid at a given pressure, it vaporizes and passes into the gaseous state.
The gas is bodies that are in a state characterized by cohesion neansemnata aggregation, its molecules being at large distances from each other.
Gases are characterized by:
– Take shape and volume of the vessel in which there are
– Weak interactions, sometimes negligible, the molecules that become stronger when their collision
– High compressibility.
Plasma is a gas in which atoms are in state of ionization, due to the loss of one or more electrons coexist with the rest gas. In plasma we find: photons, electrons, ions (positively charged) and atoms or molecules (neutral).
The phenomenon is the same in all cases, the electronic shell of the atom are milked one or more electrons, the atom remains positively charged (ion), ie the atom ionization occurs.
Depending on the temperature of decomposition phenomenon that occurs in parts: photons, electrons, positive ions and neutral atoms or molecules, ie, free particles, plasma is hot or cold.
Plasma is obtained by heating the hot gas at very high temperatures, values between 15 000o – 70 000oK.

Cold plasma is obtained by:
– Ultraviolet illumination
– X-ray illumination
– Electrical discharges in gases (in fluorescent tubes).
Matter, the substance can be decomposed into its component parts by: Compton effect, using photons that have a very high energy levels: ultraviolet photons, nuclear g or X (Röntgen), which interacts with both the electronic shell, electrons, and the core atomic protons and neutrons, particles that can snatch them from their orbits become free particles.

Usually gas is in molecular and not atomic state.
Diatomic hydrogen molecules are so far each contain two atoms of hydrogen which in turn are composed of one proton and one electron. In total two protons and two electrons.
By illumination with ultraviolet radiation produce ionization of hydrogen molecule, first, it separates the two atoms, and then both are ionized. If ionization is complete, the hydrogen molecule in place we will be in the presence of four free elementary particles, two electrons and two protons. Plasma appears.

We now can follow to obtain perfect or total plasma, ie the atoms decay into their component parts into electrons, protons and free neutrons, not only gas but also liquid.
The ultraviolet photons interact with ionic liquids, these particles vaporize, then turns to gas ionization and they all atomic particles are broken down into free photons, electrons, protons and neutrons. Thus, plasma is liquid.
Superplasma gas atoms that constitute matter of basic atomic particles are broken down into free electrons, protons and neutrons, and subatomic electron-positron and electron-neutrino.

Superplasma Compton effect can be achieved by interaction of photons and nuclear g or X:
– Electronic shell of the atom, electrons and atomic nuclei, protons, neutrons, particles that can tear them from their orbits become free particles.
– Particles protons and neutrons that atomic nuclei inside their pluck subatomic particles: electrons, positrons and electrons, neutrinos, subatomic particles resulting free.
Here we have made an important statement, irrespective of the decomposition of the atom in its component parts, always particulates, fluids will form of electromagnetic radiation.
In this case we can say that nuclear radioactive decay is obtained, fluid electromagnetic radiation a, b and g.

1. QUANTUM OF RADIATION Photoelectric Effect Compton effect

An atom can emit light.
Any body heated to a certain temperature, issue a mixture of radiation with wavelengths of the most different.
Emission of this radiation with different wavelengths together, is due to more vibration were less intense particle heating body according to the temperature at which the body is subjected.

As more warm body that (a piece of iron), with both its thermal radiation becomes more intense, the body begins to become dull, it radiates in an increasingly visible light.
Every degree of temperature there is a perfect distribution of wavelengths determinant.
With black body is that body which compared to all other emits and absorbs radiation most intensely at a given temperature. Thus, we can measure and plot a few curves of energy.
In this case, one can see that the maximum energy 10000oC is radiation with a wavelength of 2.4 nm2, and only a small portion of the left end of the curve is visible light.
In 1900 Max Planck started from the idea that radiation is caused by some linear oscillators, ie atomic entities some of the simplest oscillating case.
Each unit oscillator frequency varies with a perfectly defined, just like a miniature pendulum.
A pendulum can be pushed weaker or stronger and be able to communicate in this way, any amount of energy we want.
In this way, we can design any honors, no matter how smooth energy.
In Planck’s concept was that each of these oscillators can have only integer multiples of a certain minimum amount of energy that he called them, or simply elementary quanta, quanta.
Hence, the quanta are smaller quantities, indivisible energy it contains a swing or a certain frequency radiation.
When we speak of multiple whole, understand that an oscillator can contain exactly one quantum, two quanta, and so forth, but never a fraction of the quantum oscillator or may not contain any quantum, then it stands still.
Max Planck formula with its calculated relative to the radiation of such energy quanta.
Energy is the product of constant size h and the frequency of radiation not considered.
Elementary quantum of energy is E = hn.
Unit of energy E is ergul and n is the frequency Herta (Hz), h is the unit constant erg. sec, ie the size of a stock, called Planck’s constant action: h = 6.623. 10-27 erg. sec and represents the smallest action that exist in nature, the photon is a particle of action.
Light was accepted as a wave phenomenon, an oscillatory process that crosses the space. The comparison of light waves are waves that propagate on the surface of a lake that throwing a rock, known as the principle of Huyghens.
The most important manifestations of light are: reflection, refraction, dispersion, interference, defractia, polarization can be easily explained based on the idea of ​​light and can be imitated in suggestively with water waves.

However, there is a theory of Newton’s old theory of the issue, after which the light was conceived as being composed of individual corpuscule spread with great speed.
In 1887 Hallwachs placed on an electroscope an amalgamated zinc plate (a) and negatively charged with electricity instrument, using a stick ebony (b).
The index has been diverted. On board he turned a glare of arc lamps (c), the index has returned to its original state, which indicated that the tool has lost its negative charge.
Thus, it appeared that under the influence of light rays, electrons leave the metal plate mass.
H. Hertz subsequently investigated and found the same phenomenon that if a beam of light strikes a metal surface of the metal electrons are ripped, also called photoelectrons.

If a sphere or a zinc plate is irradiated with ultraviolet or X, a contact with zinc in the electrometer will show an increase in charges.
If zinc is initially neutral (a) it is found that after irradiation, a positive electric charge (b).
If zinc is electrically charged negative, there is a reduction or decrease of negative electric charges.
If zinc is positively electrically charged is found after irradiation an increase of positive electric charges.
The phenomenon discovered in zinc was irradiated with ultraviolet rays called external photoelectric effect, to distinguish it from other similar effects (internal or photovoltaic effect photoelectric effect).
Subsequent surveys have found that the energy of these photoelectrons are independent of light intensity, but only its frequency. This led Einstein to the explanation that light is composed of individual corpuscule, called photons. Each of them carries with it the energy E = hn, which is just a quantum of radiation, which calculated the Max Planck one shortly before (1900).
Max Planck developed a theory which shows that energy can not be absorbed or emitted continuously as tap water flows as it is absorbed or emitted by leaps, the units defined for each kind of energy, so As flowing water, drop by drop, from a nearly closed valve.
There is a kind of energy that occurs predominantly in their transformations, just as there are atoms chemical elements that occur in chemical transformations. The transformations of energy, and chemical ones, always comes a whole number of atoms of energy.
Thus, energy and material is granulated and is called quanta, particle energy.
But the most interesting aspect is the fact that quantum theory applies to all types of electromagnetic radiation known: electrical, optical, thermal, X etc..
Energy quantum size varies from one kind to another, namely energy is even greater as the kind of given energy and frequency is higher.
If the photon collides with an electron weakly bound the metal atom, energy can be enough to free electron in relation to, ie to ionize the atom.

Thus, the photoelectric effect consists in the release of electrons from the atom, due to the incident photon energy.
Photon energy generates two amounts:
– energy needed to release the electron from the atom,
– electron kinetic energy released in this way and that is away from the atom has a certain speed.
Hence the equation: energy = mechanical work output photon + photoelectron kinetic energy.
From here, one can draw some conclusions;
– photoelectric effect can not occur when the photon energy hn is less than, the work output of the electron.
– electron from the atom can not be issued when the incident light wavelength is too high because the frequency is not too small, no matter how great the light intensity.
– emission of electrons starts immediately, even at the lowest frequency of light with the condition that n be sufficiently large.
A.H. Compton in 1922 or Röntgen X-ray scattering studies of a given wavelength l by a crystal.

Spreading radiation can be explained simply by the wave concept, but the fact that the scattered radiation frequency is smaller than the incident remained unexplained.
Loss frequency is even higher as the scattering angle is greater.
Compton noted that the frequency variation does not depend on the nature of the radiation beam falling. Variation in frequency has influence only on the ratio of radiation intensity of the incident and deflected.
Röntgen X-ray quantum or contains energy E = hn action and represents a particle, a photon.
Photon collides as a billiard ball one atom electrons it contains, which cast him in one hand, and the photon is deflected sideways.
Photon by the electron collision with an amount of energy lost is even greater as he deviates more from the initial direction.
The loss of photon energy is manifested by a decrease in frequency, so that after the collision energy is E ‘= hn’.
The amount of energy transferred to the missing electron recoil.
Hence, the Compton effect lies in the clash of light quanta, photons with an electron, on which occasion the photon is deflected laterally and decreasing in frequency and receives the amount of recoil electron enough energy to leave the electronic shell of the atom , photon energy it loses.
From the presented results that are electromagnetic radiations corpuscular nature.

PHYSICS OF ISOLATED AND UNISOLATED ATOMIC SYSTEMS THAT ARE NOT ANYMORE IN THERMODYNAMIC

Manoliu Valentin

First I want to make mention that the aim of this paper is not to seek mistakes or errors crept into physics over time deliberately or accidentally.

The purpose of this paper is to find solutions to solve a global problem,  problem of energy depends future on human beingsand this planet.

Everywhere around us there is energy, energy of atmospheric, particles, and the aquatic environment of outer space, but do notknow how to use.

Do not know how to use interaction electronic feature and nuclear radiation, UV or X, g substance – matter and of isolated and unisolated atomic systems.

Also, do not know how to use interaction with field electromanetic substance matter occurring in nature (water, air and cosmic particles) since he created the universe.

The global energy crisis where the entire planet was deliberately or otherwise, this work presents some solutions that would address energy and energy resources would stop building units and energy-intensive equipment with low energy randamet, are also large producers of radioactive waste or other, threatening life people and creatures on Earth.

Moreover, they could use as an element of energy production, even radioactive wastes and waste continually growing and storage of their main frame systems are becoming smaller and the full uncertainty in terms of containers and places they are stored.

This work could provide a lead to a new research that will help getting energy in conditions of safety, with a randamet best, clean and to reduce both the cost price of production and of using them.

1. Quanta of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Compton Effect
2. State of matter. Solid, magnetic solid, radioactive solid,liquid, gas, plasma and superplasma
3. Atom. Electronic shell. Electron movement. Electronic photon.Electronic
quantum numbers. Layer substrates and electronicorbits. Atomic nucleus.
Electronic interaction with nucleons.Nuclear photon. Nuclear quantum numbers. Layers and nuclear
orbits. Core depletion of radioactive nuclear decay. The interaction of neutrons and protons in atomic nuclei
4.Radioactive nuclear decay. The process of annihilation of electrons and positrons. Birth of a radiation alfa experiment inconclusive and superficial. Catch K between error and confusion. Electrons, positrons, neutrinos and photons or X g nuclear particle exchange
5. Electromagnetic radiation. Electronic radiation, hertiene, heat: infrared, visible and ultraviolet. Radiation anode, cathode and canal. Nuclear brake radiation or X, radioactive nuclear radiations a, b and g radiation anode, cathode channel and nuclear Röntgen X or radioactive nuclear radiations are similar to a, b and g. Equation neutron incomplete appearance. Thermoelectric nuclear generator
6.Controlled nuclear fusion or physical error in the third millennium. Interaction of UV radiation-matter substance. Electromagnetic field interaction with atomic particles. Joining photon effect, electric, magnetic and thermal. May 19, 1989 fotoelectromagnetotermic effect of nuclear fusion by Theatre Mary Filotti of Braila. Quartz solenoid. Contact Energy. Cold plasma. Controlled nuclear fusion of cold plasma. Gold’s desire. Unified Field. Light electromagnetic spectrum
7. Energy conversion. Photovoltaic-conversion. Photovoltaic cell.Thermoelectric conversion. Thermocouple battery. Fototermoelectrica battery. Quantum generator
8. Superplasma. The interaction of electrons with tungsten metal electrodes. X-ray generator quantum. Interaction of nuclear radiation q and X whit material substance. Superplasmei particles interacting with electromagnetic field. Controlled Fusion superplasmei and unified field
9. Ruby laser. Atomic transitions. Automatic laser quartz. X automatically. Laser radiation interaction with nuclear radiation g or X active medium of quartz. Holography
10. Nuclear reactor. Radioactive waste. Radioactive attenuation. Interaction of radioactive radiation a, b and g with-semiconductors. Fototermoelectric nuclear generator
11. Electromagnetic plane. Particle accelerator and controlled nuclear fusion reaction have been presented two years before the two professors Martin Fleischmann of the University Southamgton UK and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah in the U.S. No Flame in the Journal. 3 of 16 January 1987, titled “Portrait of tangible passion. ” Linear particle accelerator. Multiple linear particle accelerator. The quantic propulsed ship. Quantum propulsion mechanism. Moving the Earth’s atmosphere and the aquatic environment. Isotope or isobar? Effect of “corona” or negative and infinite mass. Speed ​​necessary to escape from the planetary gravitational field. Electrostatic attraction and rejection of planetary
12. Future engines: electric ion rocket engine, rocket engine with electromagnetic plasma, the photon engine. Quantum giant ship propulsion. Multiple linear particle accelerator giant. Moving the Earth’s atmosphere. Cancellation of the state of weightlessness

Hello world!

Welcome to WordPress.com. After you read this, you should delete and write your own post, with a new title above. Or hit Add New on the left (of the admin dashboard) to start a fresh post.

Here are some suggestions for your first post.

1. You can find new ideas for what to blog about by reading the Daily Post.
2. Add PressThis to your browser. It creates a new blog post for you about any interesting  page you read on the web.
3. Make some changes to this page, and then hit preview on the right. You can alway preview any post or edit you before you share it to the world.